Of Buddha with the One Hundred Jataka Tales in the background,, 13th-14th century. The Jātaka tales are a voluminous body of literature native to concerning the previous births of in both human and animal form. The future Buddha may appear as a king, an outcast, a god, an elephant—but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby inculcates.

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Often, Jātaka tales include an extensive cast of characters who interact and get into various kinds of trouble - whereupon the Buddha character intervenes to resolve all the problems and bring about a. In, the Jātakas are a textual division of the, included in the of the. The term Jātaka may also refer to a traditional commentary on this book. The in northern marks the spot where, according to the Jataka, sacrificed himself to feed tigers.

Many in northern India are said to mark locations from the Jātaka tales; the Chinese pilgrim reported several of these. A stupa in, in northwestern, marks where Syama fulfilled his filial duty to his blind parents. The near commemorates the spot where Prince Sattva sacrificed himself to feed baby tigers. Nearby the ascetic was seduced by a beautiful woman. In Mangalura, Ksantivadin submitted to mutilation by a king. At Hadda Mountain a young sacrificed himself to learn a half verse of the dharma.

At Sarvadattaan an incarnation sold himself for ransom to make offerings to a Brahmin. Describes the four great stupas as being adorned with precious substances. At one site king Sibi sacrifices his flesh to ransom a dove from a hawk. Another incarnation gave up his eyes when asked; a third incarnation sacrificed his body to feed a hungry tigress. As King Candraprabha he cut off his head as a gift to a Brahmin. Some would sever their body parts in front of stupas that contained relics; or even end their own lives.

Apocrypha [ ] Within the Pali tradition, there are also many Jātakas of later composition (some dated even to the 19th century) but these are treated as a separate category of literature from the 'Official' Jātaka stories that have been more or less formally canonized from at least the 5th century — as attested to in ample epigraphic and archaeological evidence, such as extant illustrations in from ancient temple walls. Apocryphal Jātakas of the Pali Buddhist canon, such as those belonging to the collection, have been adapted to fit local culture in certain countries and have been retold with amendments to the plots to better reflect Buddhist morals. Celebrations and ceremonies [ ].

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